Horodysky is one of very few experts on the visual world of game fish. In an innovative study of visual function in a variety of fish including sharks and drums, Horodysky’s lab used electroretinographic techniques to describe light sensitivities and the color wavelengths that these fish respond to. The five fish studied occupy turbid coastal and estuarine habitats throughout their range, and their visual systems are well adapted to prevailing light conditions. Environmental changes may alter the behavior of these fish.

Montgomery JC, Coombs S, Baker CF (2001) The mechanosensory lateral line system of the hypogean form of Astyanax fasciatus. Env Biol Fish 62:87–96 Cresci, A., C. M. Durif, C. B. Paris, S. D. Shema, A. B. Skiftesvik, and H. I. Browman. 2019. Glass eels ( Anguilla anguilla) imprint the magnetic direction of tidal currents from their juvenile estuaries. Communications Biology 2:366. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0619-8.Zimmerman, T., Smith, J., Paradiso, J., Allport, D., & Gershenfeld, N. (1995). Applying Electric Field Sensing to Human-Computer Interfaces. IEEE SIG . The fascinating interplay between the different sensory abilities of the fish leads to their unique response to environmental stimuli that we observe. Consequently, biologists who study sensory ecology apply both behavioral and physiological approaches. The behavioral approach involves training or conditioning fish so that they respond to a stimulus. The fish is trained to do some tasks, such as move to one side of a tank, when it receives a stimulus such as a sound, a smell, or a visual cue. In this way, biologists can measure the reaction of fish to various stimuli. Kalmijn, A. J. 1971. The electric sense of sharks and rays. Journal of Experimental Biology 55:371–383. Consider your favorite fishing target and their preferred habitat. How do you expect that the ability to hear (near and far) and vision influence your preferred choice of fishing lure or bait? Figure 3.7: Diagram shows the refraction of light at the interface of air and water and the cone-shaped range of vision in the fish. (A) Top view. (B) Side view. Kindred Grey. 2022. Adapted under fair use from “Some Important and Interesting Aspects about Yellowfish” ( https://www.fishingowl.co.za/flyfishyel2.html) and “The Science of Stalking Fish,” by Alan Bulmer, 2017 ( https://activeanglingnz.com/2017/02/01/the-science-of-stalking-fish/). Includes Goldfish top view by Oleksandr Panasovskyi, 2020 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/goldfish-top-view-3635952/) and “Fish,” by Kangrif, 2017 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/fish-1186818/).

Martin, R. Aidan. "Smell and Taste". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research . Retrieved 21 August 2009.

Boehm T; Zufall F (February 2006). "MHC peptides and the sensory evaluation of genotype". Trends in Neurosciences. 29 (2): 100–7. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.11.006. PMID 16337283. S2CID 15621496. This chapter was reviewed by Andrij Z. Horodysky and Brendan J. Runde, PhD https://www.brendanrunde.com Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. [21] Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. [22] This is similar to the method mammals use to determine the direction of sound. They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.